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101.
    
Cyanogenesis, a naturally occurring pesticide, played an essential role in the origin of plant agriculture. When our ancestors were domesticating plants, they chose a disproportionate number of cyanogenic species.  相似文献   
102.
    
The hop looper, Hypena humuli Harris (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is becoming an increasingly important pest of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) (Rosales: Cannabaceae) in western USA. Currently, control of this pest usually involves broad-spectrum pesticides that kill natural enemies and disrupt biological control of other hop pests. In order to develop better management strategies for H. humuli, field and laboratory studies were conducted over a four-year period to identify the pest's natural enemies and to investigate their phenologies and to assess their impact. Nine parasitoid species and assorted species of invertebrate predator were found to attack different life-stages of H. humuli. Levels of parasitism were consistently low throughout the study period and none of the parasitoids found was a specialist natural enemy of the pests. Exclusion cage studies showed, however, that the complex of natural enemies as a whole can significantly reduce larval densities of the pest, and laboratory studies confirmed successful predation of H. humuli larvae by several generalist predators including the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.), the damsel bug Nabis alternatus Parshley and two species of the geocorid bug genus Geocoris.  相似文献   
103.
天然胶乳为防止因微生物、酶的作用而凝固、腐败,常加入氨和其他稳定剂来保存,为了便于运输和加工常采用离心和膏化2种方式,将胶乳浓缩至固含量60%以上称为浓缩天然胶乳。现行有效的国家标准GB/T8299-2008《浓缩天然胶乳氨保存离心或膏化胶乳规格》对浓缩天然胶乳这一重要产品进行了技术界定,对该标准的应用解析可以确保加工原材料的科学有效,保证生产加工制品的产品质量及规范胶乳行业行为提供技术支撑。  相似文献   
104.
针对自然保护区重要过渡带管理危机,引入"协议保护"机制,解决其过渡带管理错位和不到位问题。结果显示:"协议保护"机制能有效激励社区农户和社会组织共同参与自然保护区的管理,能够缓解自然保护区过渡带生物多样性危机,维护生态系统的完整性,保障其核心区和实验区的安全,弥补自然保护区管理体制的主体缺位和管理不到位等问题。  相似文献   
105.
A simulation model was used to predict the spatial distribution of direct and diffuse photosynthetically active radiation below a heterogenous canopy of a Pinus sylvestris stand in eastern Finland. Seedling growth was related to both measured and predicted radiation. The model predicted rather well the overall pattern of radiation distribution beneath the canopy. All the growth parameters of Pinus sylvestris seedlings (height, current height increment and mean height increment) correlated positively with the amount of both measured and predicted radiation. The correlation between seedling growth and irradiance was better for predicted diffuse radiation than for total radiation. This was probably because diffuse radiation, being symmetrically distributed around trees, correlates more strongly than direct radiation with other factors affecting seedling growth.  相似文献   
106.
家蚕新品种金秋×初日除具有天然金黄色蚕茧性状外,其它各项经济性状与对照种秋丰×白玉相仿。但在气候比较恶劣的环境下,金秋×初日明显的表现出强健性高,发病率低,是一对能适合适度规模化省力化饲养,特别是在饲养条件比较差的环境下取得稳产的优良品种。  相似文献   
107.
Traditional seed-coating agents are widespread and used in crop protection. However, the coatings can pose an environmental and health hazard. In this study, a novel wheat seed-coating agent was prepared by using natural polysaccharide as the main raw material, which produces bacteriostatic activity and enhances the germination and quality of seeds. The optimum formula of this seed-coating agent was ultimately determined through a series of laboratory experiments and field trials. The results showed that the yield of wheat seeds treated with this novel seed-coating agent was increased by 10% and its material cost was decreased by 15% compared with the conventional toxic seed-coating agent. The toxicity of the novel seed-coating agent was also less than that of the traditional one. Therefore, this wheat seed-coating agent had obvious economic and environmental benefits.  相似文献   
108.
    
Interest in understanding emotional bonds with protected areas has been growing. However, attention has hardly been focused on the role of wildlife in emotional bonding. Our research first explored the relationship between the perceived importance of seeing wildlife and emotional attachment to a protected area, the Dutch Wadden Sea Area. Second, we investigated to what extent this relationship was driven by behavioral connections with nature, and sociodemographics. Results of our survey (n = 211) revealed that the perceived importance of seeing birds contributed directly to emotional attachment. The perceived importance of seeing seals and small marine wildlife contributed indirectly, via behavioral connections with nature. In addition, our results showed that behavioral connections with nature affected emotional attachment more than the perceived importance of seeing wildlife and respondents' sociodemographics. Consequences for natural resource managers are discussed.  相似文献   
109.
    
Fifty years after Leopold penned those words, the human component of fish and wildlife science is “so new and intricate” that the path of social expediency is, indeed, “not discernible.” The authors suggest that a definable ethic is the “mode of guidance” for effectively meeting the social dimension of fish and wildlife resource decision-making of the future.

Expanding the philosophy of Leopold's land ethic, the authors define universal principles of being fair, open and honest that underlie the apparent success or failure of current public/natural resource interactions. Drawing on their extensive public process experience, the authors contend that if fish and wildlife professionals, as a community, embrace the fair open and honest philosophy as the cornerstone of public process, then, Leopold's “mode of guidance” will have been defined for the coming century.  相似文献   
110.
    
The use of anaesthetic agents has been increasing to address the welfare needs of different fish species in scientific and aquaculture practices. MS-222 is the most used synthetic anaesthetic but some limitations and side effects have been reported. Natural substances have been used as potential substitutes with clove oil playing an important role due to its eugenol content. Yet, other monoterpenes have shown anaesthetic properties in different fish species. As such, a quantitative assessment has been conducted to explicitly relate and summarise the use of monoterpenes with described anaesthetic properties in fish. A combined PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed Central and Europe PMC electronic database search was performed, from January 2002 to August 2022, following the PRISMA guidelines. Out of 1555 articles retrieved from the literature search, 30 English reports met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis through a generic inverse-variance method (random-effects model) and according to the fish age. The findings show a total of 10 different monoterpenes with high homogeneity and effectiveness in inducing anaesthesia and recovery according to the fish anaesthetic criteria. Further subgroup analysis showed these effects were independent of fish age. Meta-regression of the included studies revealed an inverse linear association between anaesthesia induction and recovery time and water bath temperature while no further correlation was found with other confounding factors (body weight, water pH and dissolved oxygen levels). Although further studies will be required, this meta-analysis provides robust evidence that different monoterpenes serve as an attractive and effective alternative for fish anaesthesia although water bath temperature also played an important role in anaesthesia outcome.  相似文献   
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